DataSheet_1_Understanding the Implications of Hydrographic Processes on the Dynamics of the Carbonate System in a Sub-Antarctic Marine-Terminating Glacier-Fjord (53°S).docx

The biogeochemical dynamics of fjords in the southeastern Pacific Ocean are strongly influenced by hydrological and oceanographic processes occurring at a seasonal scale. In this study, we describe the role of hydrographic forcing on the seasonal variability of the carbonate system of the Sub-Antarctic glacial fjord, Seno Ballena, in the Strait of Magellan (53°S). Biogeochemical variables were measured in 2018 during three seasonal hydrographic cruises (fall, winter and spring) and from a high-frequency pCO₂-pH mooring for 10 months at 10 ± 1 m depth in the fjord. The hydrographic data showed that freshwater input from the glacier influenced the adjacent surface layer of the fjord and forced the development of undersaturated CO₂ (< 400 μatm) and low aragonite saturation state (Ω_Ar < 1) water. During spring, the surface water had relatively low pCO₂ (mean = 365, range: 167 - 471 μatm), high pH (mean = 8.1 on the total proton concentration scale, range: 8.0 - 8.3), and high Ω_Ar (mean = 1.6, range: 1.3 - 4.0). Concurrent measurements of phytoplankton biomass and nutrient conditions during spring indicated that the periods of lower pCO₂ values corresponded to higher phytoplankton photosynthesis rates, resulting from autochthonous nutrient input and vertical mixing. In contrast, higher values of pCO₂ (range: 365 – 433 μatm) and relatively lower values of pH_T (range: 8.0 – 8.1) and Ω_Ar (range: 0.9 – 2.0) were recorded in cold surface waters during winter and fall. The naturally low freshwater carbonate ion concentrations diluted the carbonate ion concentrations in seawater and decreased the calcium carbonate saturation of the fjord. In spring, at 10 m depth, higher primary productivity caused a relative increase in Ω_Ar and pH_T. Assuming global climate change will bring further glacier retreat and ocean acidification, this study represents important advances in our understanding of glacier meltwater processes on CO₂ dynamics in glacier–fjord systems.