MORE THAN IMPOSSIBLE: NEGATIVE AND COMPLEX PROBABILITIES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION

What might mean “more than impossible”? For example, that could be what happens without any cause or that physical change which occurs without any physical force (interaction) to act. Then, the quantity of the equivalent physical force, which would cause the same effect, can serve as a measure of the complex probability.

Quantum mechanics introduces those fluctuations, the physical actions of which are commensurable with the Plank constant. They happen by themselves without any cause even in principle. Those causeless changes are both instable and extremely improbable in the world perceived by our senses immediately for the physical actions in it are much, much bigger than the Plank constant.The introduction of complex probabilities unifies forces and probabilities as two dimensions, whether mathematically or physically interpreted, of one and the same nature, that of complex probabilities. Then both “more than impossible” and even the “squire root of that more than impossible” acquire a clear mathematical and physical meaning:

All physical forces (interactions) as in quantum mechanics (and therefore in the Standard model) and in special or general relativity are a particular case of the generalized probabilities and relative to the classical, one-dimensional probabilities. Furthermore, the two dimensional (or complex) probabilities unify the subjective probabilities of the observer and the objective probabilities of the observed; and even the one dimension might be ascribed to the former, the other dimension to the latter. This allows of unifying further the concept of ‘observer’ in relativity and quantum mechanics.

In the final analysis, the border between the physical theories of quantum mechanics and those of special and general relativity melts in probability and information theory turning out to underlie both.