Toxicity
of Wastewater with Elevated Bromide and Iodide
after Chlorination, Chloramination, or Ozonation Disinfection
Version 2 2017-07-26, 18:37
Version 1 2017-07-25, 18:48
Posted on 2017-07-26 - 18:37
Water
reuse is receiving unprecedented attention as many areas
around the globe attempt to better-manage their fresh water resources.
Wastewaters in coastal regions may contain elevated levels of bromide
(Br–) and iodide (I–) from seawater
intrusion or high mineral content in the source waters. Disinfection
of such wastewater is essential to prevent the spread of pathogens;
however, little is known about the toxicity of the treated wastewater.
In this study, we evaluated the genotoxicity to Chinese hamster ovary
(CHO) cells induced by municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended
with elevated Br– and I– after
disinfection by chlorine, chloramines, or ozone. We calibrated and
applied an N-acetylcysteine (NAC) thiol reactivity
assay as a surrogate for thiol reactivity with biological proteins
(glutathione) of wastewater samples. Chlorination of wastewaters produced
CHO cell genotoxicity comparable to chloramination, 3.9 times more
genotoxic than the nondisinfected controls. Ozonated wastewater was
at least 3 times less genotoxic than the samples treated with chlorine-based
disinfectants and was not significantly different compared with the
nondisinfected controls. Positive and significant correlations were
observed among genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and NAC thiol reactivity
for all disinfected samples. These results indicate that the ozonation
of wastewater with high Br– and I– levels may yield organics with lower genotoxicity to CHO cells than
chlorine-based disinfection. NAC thiol reactivity, although excluding
the possible effect of bromate from ozonation in this work, could
be used as a rapid in chemico screen for potential
genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells exposed to disinfected
wastewaters.
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Dong, Shengkun; Masalha, Nedal; Plewa, Michael J.; Nguyen, Thanh H. (2017). Toxicity
of Wastewater with Elevated Bromide and Iodide
after Chlorination, Chloramination, or Ozonation Disinfection. ACS Publications. Collection. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02345
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AUTHORS (4)
SD
Shengkun Dong
NM
Nedal Masalha
MP
Michael J. Plewa
TN
Thanh H. Nguyen