Supplementary material from "Spatial patterns of Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) eggs and larvae in relation to pCO₂ in the Peruvian upwelling system"

Large and productive fisheries occur in regions experiencing or projected to experience ocean acidification. Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) constitute the world's largest single-species fishery and live in one of the ocean's highest pCO₂ regions. We investigated the relationship of the distribution and abundance of Anchoveta eggs and larvae to natural gradients in pCO₂ in the Peruvian upwelling system. Eggs and larvae, zooplankton, and data on temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a and pCO₂ were collected during a cruise off Peru in 2013. pCO₂ ranged from 167–1392 μatm and explained variability in egg presence, an index of spawning habitat. Zooplankton abundance explained variability in the abundance of small larvae. Within the main spawning and larva habitats (6–10°S), eggs were found in cool, low salinity, and both extremely low (less than 200 μatm) and high (more than 900 μatm) pCO₂ waters, and larvae were collected in warmer, higher salinity, and moderate (400–600 μatm) pCO₂ waters. Our data support the hypothesis that Anchoveta preferentially spawned at high pCO₂ and these eggs had lower survival. Enhanced understanding of the influence of pCO₂ on Anchoveta spawning and larva mortality, together with pCO₂ measurements, may enable predictions of ocean acidification effects on Anchoveta and inform adaptive fisheries management.