Supplementary material from "European sea bass show behavioural resilience to near-future ocean acidification"

Ocean acidification (OA)—caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂)—is thought to be a major threat to marine ecosystems and has been shown to induce behavioural alterations in fish. Here we show behavioural resilience to near-future OA in a commercially important migratory marine finfish, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Juvenile sea bass were raised from eggs at 19°C in ambient or near-future OA (1000 μatm pCO₂) conditions and n = 260 fish were observed 59–68 days post-hatch using automated tracking from video. Fish reared under ambient conditions, OA conditions, and fish reared in ambient conditions but tested in OA water showed statistically similar movement patterns, and reacted to their environment and interacted with each other in comparable ways. Our findings, therefore, indicate consistent behaviour across our treatments and suggest behavioural resilience to near-future OA in juvenile sea bass. Moreover, simulated agent-based models indicate that our analysis methods are sensitive to subtle changes in fish behaviour. It is now important to determine whether the absences of any differences persist in more ecologically relevant circumstances and in contexts which have a more direct bearing on individual fitness.