The Punctum Fixum-Punctum Mobile Model: A Neuromuscular Principle for Efficient Movement Generation?

A lattice model, based on the original kinematic data of a gymnast, is shown with the onsets of the EMG data integrated as colored matrices. During the performance of a giant swing bwd the EMG of the anterior muscle chain (colored in red) was captured from pectoralis major (PM), rectus abdominis (RA) and rectus femoris (RF) and of the posterior muscle chain (colored in blue) from deltoideus, lateral part (DL), erector spinae (ES), and biceps femoris (BF). The direction of neuromuscular onset (and offset) succession is highlighted by black circles. For better demonstration of the overlapping nature of the “spreading” and “recurring” neuromuscular activation, the anterior and posterior muscle chain are each depicted in a separate drawing. For better graphic demonstration and for avoiding overlapping of the positions, the rotational axis is depicted in various positions (the arrows indicate the movement direction). The elected kinematic positions represent each the first frame after the crossing of the onset or offset threshold. See text for more details.