Effect of the Particle-Size Distribution on the Electrochemical
Performance of a Red Phosphorus–Carbon Composite Anode for
Sodium-Ion Batteries
Version 2 2019-06-26, 09:29
Version 1 2019-04-12, 20:45
Posted on 2019-06-26 - 09:29
Red
phosphorus (RP) is a promising candidate as an anode for sodium-ion
batteries because of its low potential and high specific capacity.
It has two main disadvantages. First, it experiences 490% volumetric
expansion during sodiation, which leads to particle pulverization
and substantial reduction of the cycle life. Second, it has an extremely
low electronic conductivity of 10–14 S cm–1. Both issues can be addressed by ball milling RP with a carbon matrix
to form a composite of electronically conductive carbon and small
RP particles, less susceptible to pulverization. Through this procedure,
however, the resulting particle-size distribution of the RP particles
is difficult to determine because of the presence of the carbon particles.
Here, we quantify the relationship between the RP particle-size distribution
and its cycle life for the first time by separating the ball-milling
process into two steps. The RP is first wet-milled to reduce the particle
size, and then the particle-size distribution is measured via dynamic
light scattering. This is followed by a dry-milling step to produce
RP–graphite composites. We found that wet milling breaks apart
the largest RP particles in the range of 2–10 μm, decreases
the Dv90 from 1.85 to 1.26 μm, and significantly increases the
cycle life of the RP. Photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission
electron microscopy confirm the successful formation of a carbon coating,
with longer milling times leading to more uniform carbon coatings.
The RP with a Dv90 of 0.79 μm mixed with graphite for 48 h delivered
1354 mA h g–1 with high coulombic efficiency (>99%)
and cyclability (88% capacity retention after 100 cycles). These results
are an important step in the development of cyclable, high-capacity
anodes for sodium-ion batteries.
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Capone, Isaac; Hurlbutt, Kevin; Naylor, Andrew J.; Xiao, Albert W.; Pasta, Mauro (2019). Effect of the Particle-Size Distribution on the Electrochemical
Performance of a Red Phosphorus–Carbon Composite Anode for
Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS Publications. Collection. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00385
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AUTHORS (5)
IC
Isaac Capone
KH
Kevin Hurlbutt
AN
Andrew J. Naylor
AX
Albert W. Xiao
MP
Mauro Pasta