Design, Synthesis,
and Bioactivation of O‑Glycosylated Prodrugs of the Natural Nitric Oxide Precursor Nω‑Hydroxy‑l‑arginine
Version 2 2016-09-01, 13:58
Version 1 2016-08-26, 21:14
Posted on 2016-08-22 - 00:00
Naturally occurring Nω-hydroxy-l-arginine (NOHA, 1) is the best substrate of NO synthases (NOS). The development of
stable and bioavailable prodrugs would provide a pharmacologically
valuable strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases that
are associated with endothelial dysfunction. To improve NOHAs druglike
properties, we demonstrate that O-substitution by
(glycosylic) acetal formation greatly increased the chemical stability
of the hydroxyguanidine moiety and provided a nontoxic group that
could be easily bioactivated by glycosidases. A straightforward synthetic
concept was devised and afforded a series of diversely substituted
prodrugs by O-conjugation of the hydroxyguanidine
moiety with different monosaccharides. Systematic exploration of their
bioactivation profile revealed that glucose-based prodrugs were more
efficiently bioactivated than their galactose counterparts. NOS-dependent
cytosolic NO release was quantified by automated fluorescence microscopy
in a cell-based assay with murine macrophages. Glucose-based prodrugs
performed particularly well and delivered cellular NO levels comparable
to 1, demonstrating proof-of-concept.
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Litty, Felix-A.; Gudd, Julia; Girreser, Ulrich; Clement, Bernd; Schade, Dennis (2016). Design, Synthesis,
and Bioactivation of O‑Glycosylated Prodrugs of the Natural Nitric Oxide Precursor Nω‑Hydroxy‑l‑arginine. ACS Publications. Collection. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00810
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AUTHORS (5)
FL
Felix-A. Litty
JG
Julia Gudd
UG
Ulrich Girreser
BC
Bernd Clement
DS
Dennis Schade