Carbazole-Based Spiro[fluorene-9,9′-xanthene] as an Efficient Hole-Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells

For the practical application of perovskite solar cells (PSC), it is desirable to have high efficiency, long-term stability, and low manufacturing cost. Therefore, it is required to develop inexpensive and well-performing hole-transporting materials (HTMs). In this study, we synthesized SFXDAnCBZ, which is a new carbazole-based spiro­[fluorene-9,9′-xanthene] (SFX) derivative, where the central core and end-cap units consist of SFX and N3,N6-bis­(di-4-anisylamino)-9H-carbazole (DAnCBZ), respectively, as an efficient and low-cost HTM for PSCs. Photoluminescence quenching at the SFXDAnCBZ/perovskite interface was more effective than at the perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxy-phenyl-amine) 9,9′spiro-bifluorene) interface. We fabricated a PSC with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.87% under 1 sun illumination (100 mW cm^–2) using SFXDAnCBZ as an HTM. This value is comparable to that measured for the benchmark Spiro-OMeTAD. Thus, this result confirms that SFX core-based materials can be a new kind of HTMs for high-efficiency and low-cost PSCs.