An Ultrasmall RuO₂ Nanozyme Exhibiting Multienzyme-like Activity for the Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the major pathological mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Inorganic nanomaterial-mediated antioxidant therapy is considered a promising method for the prevention of AKI; however, currently available antioxidants for AKI exhibit limited clinical efficacy due to the glomerular filtration threshold (∼6 nm). To address this issue, we developed ultrasmall RuO₂ nanoparticles (RuO₂NPs) (average size ≈ 2 nm). The NPs show excellent antioxidant activity and low biological toxicity. In addition, they can pass through the glomerulus to be excreted. These properties in combination make the ultrasmall RuO₂NPs promising as a nanozyme for the prevention of AKI. The NP catalytic properties mimic the activity of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. The nanozyme can be efficiently and rapidly absorbed by human embryonic kidney cells while significantly reducing ROS-induced apoptosis by eliminating excess ROS. After intravenous injection, the ultrasmall RuO₂NPs significantly inhibit the development of AKI in mice. In vivo toxicity experiments demonstrate the biosafety of the NPs after long-term preventing. The multienzyme-like activity and biocompatibility of the ultrasmall RuO₂NPs makes them of great interest for applications in the fields of biomedicine and biocatalysis.