Life and Death of a Dark Star

This brief presents a redefined framework for compact astrophysical objects traditionally called black holes, instead referred to as dark stars for greater accuracy. It integrates elements of quark-gluon plasma physics, photon-based interactions, and energy redistribution under the FaTE model, which replaces relativistic singularities with a resonance-driven approach. The brief follows the complete life cycle of a dark star, from formation to detonation, emphasizing real particle interactions (photons, quarks, gluons) rather than virtual processes.

Key Sections and Their Content

1. Introduction
2. • Justification for using the term dark star, originally proposed by John Michell (1784) instead of black hole.
   • Explanation of how dark stars differ from traditional black holes, avoiding event horizons and singularities.
   • Overview of the FaTE model, which emphasizes photon-photon interactions, resonance bonding, and energy-driven processes rather than relativistic spacetime distortions.
3. Formation
4. • Standard gravitational collapse of massive celestial objects leads to the creation of a quark-gluon plasma layer.
   • This plasma requires a minimum confinement energy of 0.09 GeV/fm to maintain stability.
   • Radiation pressure vs. gravitational pull defines the balance that allows the dark star to form and persist.
5. Life Cycle
6. • Dynamic Stability: Continuous interplay between gravitational forces, quark-gluon plasma interactions, and radiation pressure.
   • Hawking Radiation (Reinterpreted): Photons (x-rays, gamma-rays) escape through real particle interactions, not virtual pair production.
   • Particle Jets: Formed due to rotational flow dynamics, equator-pole vortices, and magnetic field influences.
   • Gradual Evaporation: Dark stars lose mass through continuous Hawking radiation and jet emissions.
   • Environmental Effects: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) occur due to fluctuations in confinement energy within the quark-gluon plasma.
7. Critical Phase and Death
8. • As the star evaporates, radiation pressure eventually exceeds gravitational restraint, leading to instability.
   • Runaway Evaporation: The loss of confinement accelerates, triggering a super-critical detonation.
   • Detonation Process:
   • • Photonic atmosphere escapes.
     • Gluons discharge energy.
     • Quarks break down into their constituent gluons, leading to a near-instantaneous cascade of energy release.
   • Final Result: A void is left behind, and a blast wave of gamma-rays and some x-rays propagates outward.
9. Conclusion
10. • The FaTE model presents dark stars as dynamic, evolving objects rather than static endpoints in spacetime.
    • Their energy-driven life cycle is governed by photon interactions and resonance, not relativistic singularities.
    • Fundamental photon energy equation included: Eγ=ℏω reinforcing the model's foundation in photon-driven astrophysical processes.

Scientific Context and Relevance

This brief aligns with high-energy astrophysics, gamma-ray astronomy, and quark-gluon plasma research, offering a photon-based alternative to black hole physics. It reframes compact object evolution in terms of energy redistribution, resonance bonding, and continuous particle interactions, eliminating singularities while preserving observed astrophysical phenomena.