Dark Energy: A Classical Explanation for Cosmic Acceleration

This work presents a classical mechanics alternative to Dark Energy, arguing that the observed cosmic acceleration can be explained without invoking an unknown energy component. The analysis builds on the concept of residual momentum from the Big Bang, where the universe's initial expansion was constrained by gravitational resistance. As this resistance declined over time, residual momentum was increasingly expressed, leading to an apparent acceleration in cosmic expansion.

A key implication of this framework is a natural resolution to the Hubble Tension, as early-universe and local measurements of H₀​ can be reconciled through the evolution of gravitational resistance. The model predicts that redshift follows a simple classical relation incorporating both velocity and angular separation, providing a direct mechanism for the apparent increase in acceleration observed in deep-field cosmological surveys.

By removing the need for Dark Energy, which constitutes 68% of the total energy density in the ΛCDM model but lacks direct physical detection, this approach offers an alternative interpretation of large-scale cosmic dynamics. The conclusions suggest that cosmic acceleration, redshift evolution, and H₀​ variations can all be explained within a self-consistent kinematic framework, grounded in classical physics.

This model challenges the necessity of an accelerating vacuum energy density (Λ) and invites further observational scrutiny of the relationship between expansion rates, large-scale structure evolution, and gravitational resistance effects in cosmic history.