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Unraveling the Hydroxypropionaldehyde (HPA) System: An Active Antimicrobial Agent against Human Pathogens
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posted on 2010-10-13, 00:00 authored by Sabine Vollenweider, Stefan Evers, Karin Zurbriggen, Christophe LacroixThe hydroxypropionaldehyde (HPA) system is a natural defense system synthesized by the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri. To elucidate which of the molecules composing the HPA system (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA), reuterin (HPA dimer), and HPA hydrate) is responsible for the potent antimicrobial activity in biological systems, a combination of biochemical, genetic, and proteomic assays was used. The HPA system reacts with sulfhydryl-containing compounds such as cysteine and reduced glutathione (GSH) in solution. In situ, GSH knock-out Escherichia coli is significantly more susceptible to HPA-mediated cell death than E. coli wild type; GSH supplementation protects either bacteria from HPA attack. Proteomic analysis of HPA-treated bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae) revealed induction of redox- and heat shock-related proteins. A new antimicrobial mechanism of HPA is proposed, whereby the activity of HPA leads to depletion of free SH− groups in GSH and proteins through the action of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, causing an imbalance of the cellular redox status, ultimately resulting in cell death.
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HPA hydrateActive Antimicrobial Agentredox statusHPA attackantimicrobial mechanismGSH supplementationProteomic analysisHPA systemprobiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteriHaemophilus influenzaeantimicrobial activitydefense systemEscherichia coliHuman PathogensThe hydroxypropionaldehydeproteomic assayscell death
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