Supplementary Figures and Table from Phenology in the deep sea: seasonal and tidal feeding rhythms in a keystone octocoral

Biological rhythms are widely known in terrestrial and marine systems, where the behaviour or function of organisms may be tuned to environmental variation over periods from minutes to seasons or longer. Although well characterized in coastal environments, phenology remains poorly understood in the deep sea. Here we characterized intra-annual dynamics of feeding activity for the deep-sea octocoral Paragorgia arborea. Hourly changes in polyp activity were quantified using a time-lapse camera deployed for a year on Sur Ridge (1230 m depth; Northeast Pacific). The relationship between feeding and environmental variables, including surface primary production, temperature, acoustic backscatter, current speed and direction, was evaluated. Feeding activity was highly seasonal, with a dormancy period identified between January and early April, reflecting seasonal changes in food availability as suggested by primary production and acoustic backscatter data. Moreover, feeding varied with tides, which likely affected food delivery through cyclic oscillation in current speed and direction. This study provides the first evidence of behavioural rhythms in a coral species at depth greater than 1 km. Information on the feeding biology of this cosmopolitan deep-sea octocoral will contribute to a better understanding of how future environmental change may affect deep-sea coral communities and the ecosystem services they provide.