Risk factors for multimorbidity in adulthood: a systematic review
Multimorbidity, the coexistence of multiple chronic diseases in an individual, is highly prevalent and challenging for healthcare systems. However, its risk factors remain poorly understood.
Objective
To systematically review studies reporting multimorbidity risk factors.
Methods
A PRISMA-compliant systematic review was conducted, searching electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus). Inclusion criteria were studies addressing multimorbidity transitions, trajectories, continuous disease counts, and specific patterns. Non-human studies and participants under 18 were excluded. Associations between risk factors and multimorbidity onset were reported.
Results
Of 20,806 identified studies, 68 were included, with participants aged 18–105 from 23 countries. Nine risk factor categories were identified, including demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. Older age, low education, obesity, hypertension, depression, low pysical function were generally positively associated with multimorbidity. Results for factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary patterns were inconsistent. Study quality was moderate, with 16.2% having low risk of bias.
Conclusions
Several risk factors seem to be consistently associated with an increased risk of accumulating chronic diseases over time. However, heterogeneity in settings, exposure and outcome, and baseline health of participants hampers robust conclusions.
History
Refereed
- Yes
Volume
91Publication title
Ageing Research ReviewsISSN
1568-1637External DOI
Publisher
ElsevierFile version
- Published version
Item sub-type
ArticleAffiliated with
- School of Education and Social Care Outputs