posted on 2024-02-23, 13:41authored byChi Wang, Cheng-Wei Tsai, Takeji Hashimoto
Aligned poly(vinyl
alcohol) (PVA) fibers with diameters of about
180 ± 22 nm were obtained by using a wire–drum collector
during electrospinning of aqueous solutions of PVA with 99% hydrolysis.
The fiber orientation factor, defined by the Herman’s orientation
function, was about 0.95 with respect to the collecting direction.
Subjected to a stepwise heating protocol, the crystal orientation
and crystallinity in the aligned fibers at different annealing temperatures
(Ta) were determined by using Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and synchrotron 2D wide-angle
X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Upon heating, FTIR results disclosed the
desorption of residual water molecules at Ta < 100 °C and an increase in crystal orientation at elevated
temperatures as-revealed by the decreasing dichroism of the crystal-related
band at 1143 cm–1 until fiber melting, followed
by thermal degradation at Ta ≳
190 °C. The enhanced crystal orientation along the fiber axis
at high Ta (≳100 °C) was also
validated by the detailed analyses of the 2D WAXD patterns to extract
the Herman’s orientation factor of the reciprocal lattice vectors
of the (101/101̅) crystal planes from which the chain orientation
factor in the crystalline phase was derived to dramatically increase
from 0.57 at 35 °C to reach the highest value of 0.88 at 200
°C. Meanwhile, the fiber crystallinity was also increased upon
heating from 31% at 35 °C to 35% at 100 °C and further up
to 37% at 180 °C. The peculiar two-step enhancement in the crystal
orientation and fiber crystallinity at elevated temperatures is attributed
to the presence of the fibrils comprising the fiber, which are composed
of highly oriented amorphous chains as well as the loosely packed
amorphous chains existing in between the oriented crystalline domains.
The presence of fibrils and fiber bundles (superstructures of the
fibrils) was validated by atomic force microscopy as well as scanning
and transmission electron microscopy. The highly oriented amorphous
chains were disclosed by the anomalous meridional X-ray diffraction
with a unique spacing of 2.44 Å, which is associated with the
spacing along the chain axis in the closely packed and aligned chains
with zigzag conformation. These extended amorphous chains may form
strong intrachain and interchain hydrogen bonds, which firmly hold
the fiber integrity for restricting orientation relaxation of chain
molecules upon heating, therefore, to readily proceed the chain reorganization
and develop oriented crystals directly at high Ta. The unique features of fibrils existing in the as-spun PVA
fibers are relevant to the flow-induced phase separation of the electrospinning
jet to produce phase-separated structure of strings with various widths.
A discussion on the structures evolved from the liquid strings to
the solid fibrils and subsequent heating effect is provided.