One-Pot Synthesis of Carboxyl-Functionalized Hyper-Cross-Linked
Microporous Polymer Based on the Dual-Purpose Reagent Strategy for
the Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue from Water
Methylene blue (MB) is extensively
used as a coloring agent in
the textile and pharmaceutical industries, causing ecological risk
and physical defunctions. Unfortunately, the adsorbents commonly used
to remove MB from the environment are also limited by disadvantages,
such as harsh synthesis conditions and poor adsorption capacity. In
this paper, we present a simple and low-cost method for preparing
carboxyl-functionalized hyper-cross-linked microporous polymers (HCPTPB-COOH) capable of efficiently removing MB from water. To
reduce chemical reagent consumption and improve productive efficiency,
aluminum trichloride was employed as a catalyst for both Friedel-Craft
alkylation and Friedel-Craft acylation reactions; meanwhile, dichloromethane
served the dual function of solvent and cross-linker reagent. The
successful synthesis of HCPTPB-COOH was confirmed by clearly
characterizing its chemical structure, morphology, and pore distribution.
Due to its rich pore structure (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) = 720.2 m2 g–1) and multiple interactions,
including hydrophobic interactions, π–π stacking,
hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions, the developed HCPTPB-COOH exhibited excellent adsorption capacity for MB compared
to most traditional adsorbents. In particular, the organic contaminants
were efficiently adsorbed from the aqueous solution despite the small
amount of adsorbent and the presence of other ionic species, and they
also exhibited excellent reusability with a minimal decline in adsorption
performance after at least six adsorption cycles. Adsorption isotherms
demonstrated that HCPTPB-COOH was more consistent with
the Langmuir adsorption model, with a maximum adsorption of 371 mg
g–1 for MB. The adsorption kinetics indicated that
the pseudo-second-order dynamics model was more compatible with MB.
The presence of negative Gibbs free energy change indicated that the
adsorption process was spontaneous.