Observation of
Negative Photoconductivity in (CH3NH3)3Bi2(BrxCl1–x)9: Correlating
Ion Migration, Stability, and Efficiency in Mixed Halide Perovskite
Solar Cell
posted on 2023-11-17, 16:05authored byParamesh Chandra, Swapan Kumar Mandal
Electric field and light induced ion migration resulting
in poor
stability is a key hindrance for the development of perovskite solar
cells and devices. Methods to identify the pathways of ion migration
and subsequently to develop strategies to suppress them are prerequisites
to develop perovskite solar cells with improved stability and high
efficiency. In this report, we probe ion migration through the observation
of negative photocurrent (I) measured by temperature
(100–283 K) dependent transient photocurrent response characteristics
(I–t) as well as current–voltage
(I–V) characteristics under
dark and light conditions. Controlled experiments are carried out
on lead (Pb)-free hybrid perovskite (CH3NH3)3Bi2(BrxCl1–x)9 (where x = 0, 0.33,
0.44, 0.55, 0.66) samples with varying Br/Cl ratio. The mixed halide
system is found to have the lowest bandgap of 2.557 eV corresponding
to bromine content x = 0.44. Incorporation of bromine
has a visible effect on the flake-like microstructures of the perovskite
materials. While, the I–V characteristics confirmed the ion migration and phase segregation
of halide ions and their irreversibility in the system, the I–t profiles showed the existence
of an induced electric field acting in the direction opposite to the
applied field due to the migration of halide ions and creation of
halide vacancies, resulting in a negative photocurrent. The I–t profiles are found to be reversible
and strongly dependent on temperature as well as the Br/Cl ratio. I–V characteristics under light
illumination also display hysteresis behavior, the effect of which
gets reduced with the increase in bromine content. The photocurrent
hysteresis and its irreversibility upon change in scanning direction
of the applied electric field is believed to be arising out of ion
migration dominant in perovskite materials. A comprehensive analysis
has been made to infer the charge transfer process and ion migration
in the mixed halide system contributing to the stability and efficiency
of perovskite solar cells and devices.