Intervention for school anxiety and absenteeism in children (ISAAC): co-designing a brief parent-focused intervention for emotionally-based school avoidance

Emotionally-based school avoidance (EBSA) is an important driver of persistent school absenteeism and may have worsened in the context of COVID-19. This paper describes the development of a brief parentfocused psychosocial intervention with the goal to address the lack of accessible early interventions for EBSA. The developmental process used a person-centred approach (Yardley, 2015) with two phases. In Phase 1, qualitative data were collected about intervention preferences and priorities from N=10 parents and N=7 practitioners in a series of co-design workshops. Phase 2 refined an intervention blueprint based on iterative consultations with N=4 parents and N=3 practitioners. Framework analysis was used to organise findings around key intervention parameters, including relevant mechanisms, content, and delivery methods needed to provide effective, acceptable and feasible support for families affected by EBSA. The resulting blueprint incorporates three online modules to be delivered over three weeks with each module consisting of psychoeducational videos, self-completed learning tasks and a corresponding coaching session. Respective module content includes: (i) self-care strategies to increase parent wellbeing and self-efficacy; (ii) parenting strategies to change behavioural patterns that maintain child distress and avoidance of school; and (iii) strategic communication strategies to increase the quality of home-school relationships. The blueprint has been developed into a full prototype for a forthcoming feasibility study.