Improving
Cycle Life through Fast Formation Using
a Superconcentrated Phosphonium Based Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for
Anode-Free and Lithium Metal Batteries
posted on 2021-07-02, 14:06authored byThushan Pathirana, Dmitrii A. Rakov, Fangfang Chen, Maria Forsyth, Robert Kerr, Patrick C. Howlett
Cell
formation of lithium-ion cells impacts the evolution of the
solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the cell cycle stability. Lithium
metal anodes are an important step in the development of high energy
density batteries owing to the high theoretical specific capacity
of lithium metal. However, most lithium metal battery research has
used a conventional lithium-ion formation protocol; this is time-consuming
and costly and does not account for the different properties of the
lithium metal electrode. Here, we have used a recently reported promising
phosphonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid electrolyte coupled
with an NMC622 high areal capacity cathode (>3.5 mAh/cm2) to investigate the effect of cell formation rates. A faster formation
protocol comprised of a pulsed 1.25C current decreased the formation
time by 56% and gave a 38% greater capacity retention after 50 cycles
when compared to formation at C/20. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
measurements showed that the fast formation gave rise to a lower resistance
SEI. Column-like lithium deposits with reduced porous lithium domains
between the particles were observed using scanning electron microscope
imaging. To underline the excellent performance of these high energy
density cells, a 56% greater stack specific energy was achieved compared
to the analogous graphite-based lithium-ion cell chemistries.