Hybrid Nanoplatform: Enabling a Precise Antitumor Strategy via Dual-Modal Imaging-Guided Photodynamic/Chemo-/Immunosynergistic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely used in tumor therapy due to its high spatial–temporal control and noninvasiveness. However, its clinical application is limited by weak efficacy, shallow tissue penetration, and phototoxicity. Herein, a facile theranostic nanoplatform based on photoswitchable lanthanide-doped nanoparticles was designed. Typically, these nanoparticles had UV–blue and 1525 nm emission upon 980 nm excitation and 1525 nm emission upon 800 nm excitation. We further used these nanoparticles for achieving real-time near-infrared (NIR)-IIb imaging (800 nm) with a high signal-to-noise ratio and imaging-guided PDT (980 nm). Moreover, such a photoswitchable nanoplatform capping with pH-sensitive calcium phosphate for coloading doxorubicin (a chemotherapeutic immunogenic cell death [ICD] inducer) and paramagnetic Mn²⁺ ions enhances T₁-magnetic resonance imaging in the tumor microenvironment. Our results suggest that this theranostic nanoplatform could not only kill tumor cells directly through dual-modal image-guided PDT/chemotherapy but also inhibit distant tumor and lung metastasis through ICD. Therefore, it has great potential for clinical application .