Free radicals, such as metabolic
intermediates, reactive oxygen
species, and metal enzymes, are key substances in organisms, although
they can also cause various oxidative diseases. Thus, in vivo free radical imaging should be considered as the ultimate form of
metabolic imaging. Unfortunately, electron spin resonance (ESR) imaging
has inherent disadvantages, such as free radicals with large linewidths
generating blurred images and the presence of two or more free radicals
resulting in a complicated imaging procedure. Dynamic nuclear polarization–magnetic
resonance imaging (DNP-MRI) is a noninvasive imaging method to visualize in vivo free radicals, theoretically, with the same resolution
as the MRI anatomical resolution, and fixed low-field DNP-MRI provides
unique information on oxidative diseases and cancer. However, the
large gyromagnetic ratio of the electron spin, which is 660-fold greater
than that of a proton, requires field cycling, wherein the external
magnetic field should be varied during DNP-MRI observations. This
causes difficulties in developing a DNP-MRI system for clinical purposes.
We developed a novel field-cycling DNP-MRI system for a preclinical
study. In the said system, the magnetic field is switched by rotationally
moving two magnets, with a magnetic flux density of 0.3 T for MRI
and 5 mT for ESR. The image quality was examined using various pulse
sequences and ESR irradiation using nitroxyl radical as the phantom,
and the optimum conditions were established. Using the system, we
performed a preclinical study involving free radical imaging by placing
the free radicals under the palm of a human hand.