Control of Oxygen Vacancies of 2D-InO_x Fabricated by Liquid Metal Printing via Temperature Modulation

In our study, we introduce a novel concept concerning the formation of oxygen vacancies at varying temperatures during oxide skin formation in liquid metal. Specifically, by adjusting the 2D-InO_x printing temperatures, we successfully regulated the concentration of specific defects, unveiling a decrease in oxygen vacancies at higher printing temperatures. Employing a comprehensive suite of analytical techniques, we present a swift and efficient method for producing 2D-InO_x while simultaneously evaluating its internal defect content at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Furthermore, we employed electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) scans in the proximity of grain boundaries, enabling us to effectively probe the fluctuation in oxygen vacancy concentration between these boundaries and the interior of the grains. Our findings underscore a notable accumulation of oxygen vacancies at these grain boundaries. Notably, our capacity to manipulate defect concentration through temperature adjustments enhances the significance of our investigation, offering valuable insights into 2D memristor materials and their potential role in the development of memory devices based on 2D-InO_x.