Chitosan-Coated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles Loaded with Ursolic Acid for Breast Cancer Therapy

Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in various fruits and herbs, has the potential as an anticancer agent against multiple cancer types. Nevertheless, its clinical use was limited by its poor water solubility. To overcome this drawback, several nanocarriers were proposed to increase the bioavailability and efficacy of UA. However, the insights into the cellular targets and mechanisms of UA and UA nanoparticles (NPs) remain limited. In this study, chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA/CS) NPs were loaded with UA. The obtained (UA)-PLGA/CS NPs were spherical with an approximate size of 250 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 25%. Owing to their promising potential as drug carriers, the NPs were successfully delivered into breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Moreover, (UA)-PLGA/CS NPs enhanced the anticancer activity of UA, as evidenced by the IC₅₀ values of 26.74 and 40.67 μM in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. These values were lower than those of free UA (90.25 and 85.63 μM in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively). The improved cytotoxicity induced by (UA)-PLGA/CS NPs can be attributed to apoptosis induction, collective cell migration and invasion inhibition, and cell proliferation pathway disruption. These findings led to a better understanding of the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of (UA)-PLGA/CS NPs and their potential targets for breast cancer therapy.