Binary
NaCl–NaF and NaCl–LiF Flux-Mediated
Growth of Mixed-Valence (V3+/4+) NASICON-Type Na3V2(PO4)2F2.5O0.5 and Na2.4Li0.6V2(PO4)2F2.5O0.5 for Highly Reversible
Na- and Li-Ion Storage
Development
of robust electrode materials that can work for both
Li- and Na-ion batteries received enormous interest in recent times.
Especially, exploratory crystal growth offers much reward in realizing
new chemical compositions and the opportunity to uncover their intrinsic
properties. Herein, we report a NASICON-type sodium vanadium oxy-fluorophosphate
solid solution, Na3V2(PO4)2F2.5O0.5 (NVPF), and its partial Li-exchanged
Na2.4Li0.6V2(PO4)2F2.5O0.5 (NLVPF) crystals by one-pot
solid-state flux techniques using binary NaCl–NaF and NaCl–LiF
fluxes, respectively, for the first time. Controlled experiments with
the nature of flux, flux ratios, and temperatures reveal that NaCl
and NaF/LiF salts play a critical role, not only as cation/anion sources
but also as a structure-directing agent from a morphological perspective.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS), and 23Na solid-state NMR confirm the crystal structure,
phase purity, lattice parameter, and mixed valency of Na3V2(PO4)2F2.5O0.5 and its Li-substituted analogue. Investigation of the electrochemical
properties of as-synthesized NVPF and NLVPF constructed cathode delivered
initial discharge capacities of 117 and 118 mAh g–1 vs Li/Li+, respectively, while in Na-ion configuration
provided capacities of 107 and 110 mAh g–1 (vs Na/Na+) at 0.1C rate. Both the NVPF and NLVPF electrodes demonstrate
long-term stability by retaining 75 and 86 mAh g–1 (vs Li/Li+), with over 94 and 95% retentions, respectively,
after 400 cycles at 1C rate. The present findings strongly suggest
that the flux method is one of the potential approaches to synthesize
the cathode materials for hybrid-ion batteries in a scalable manner.