Additional file 1 of Oral pathogens exacerbate Parkinson’s disease by promoting Th1 cell infiltration in mice

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure S1. Periodontitis caused severe alveolar bone resorption in mice. LIP, ligature-induced periodontitis. SP, subgingival plaque. LIP-SP, ligature-induced periodontitis with application of subgingival plaque. LIP-mix: ligature-induced periodontitis and oral infection of V. parvula and S. mutans mixture. (A) Representative images of left maxilla from the indicated groups of mice. (B) Quantification of the distance from cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to alveolar bone crest (ABC). Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean). ns, not significant, **P < 0.01. Supplementary Figure S2. Neither LIP nor SP alone could aggravate dopaminergic neuronal loss in MPTP-induced PD mice. (A-B) Representative immunohistochemical staining (A) and quantification (B) of TH-positive fibers in ST. (C-D) Representative immunohistochemical staining (C) and quantification (D) of TH-positive neurons in SN. Scale bar: 200 μm. (E-F) Western blotting analysis of TH in ST. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. ns, not significant. Supplementary Figure S3. Pathogens from subgingival plaques are not detected in the brains of MPTP + LIP-SP treated mice. (A) Alpha diversity of brain microbiota assessed by Chao 1, Faith’s pd, and Shannon index. (B) Beta diversity of brain microbiota. (C) Random forest analysis of brain microbiota at the species level. No pathogens from subgingival plaques were detected in the brains of MPTP + LIP-SP group. Supplementary Figure S4. Oral administration of V. parvula and S. mutans mixture (mix) does not result in bacterial colonization and exacerbation of MPTP-induced PD in mice. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental procedure. Mix, V. parvula and S. mutans mixture. (B) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of Veillonella parvula and Streptococcus mutans in feces. n=3:3. (C) Western blotting analysis of TH in ST. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. ns, not significant. *P < 0.05.