figures and table from Effect of high-frequency electric field on the tissue sticking of minimally invasive electrosurgical devices

Figure 1. Electrosurgical cutting experimental setup and electrode sample, (a) Electrosurgical cutting experimental setup,1-ESU, 2-feeding device, 3-active electrode pen, 4-active electrode, 5-porcine liver, 6-dispersive electrode, 7-locating device; (b) Standard blade-type 304 stainless steel monopolar active electrode Figure 2. Schematic diagrams of heat-adherence test and thermographs, (a) Schema of heat-adherence test; (b) Thermograph of heat-adherence test, side view; (c) Thermograph of heat-adherence test, front view; (d) Thermograph of electrosurgical cutting Figure 3. Schematic representation of tensile test samples’ preparation Figure 4. SEM micrographs and EDX spectrums of electrode surfaces, (a) SEM micrograph of original electrode; (b) EDX spectrum of original electrode; (c) SEM micrograph after electrosurgical cutting test; (d) EDX spectrum after electrosurgical cutting test; (e) SEM micrograph after heat-adherence test; (f) EDX spectrum after heat-adherence test Figure 5. FTIR spectrums of sticking tissues on electrode surfaces after the two tests Figure 6. SEM micrographs of electrode cross sections, (a) after electrosurgical cutting test; (b) after heat-adherence test Figure 7. Three-dimensional morphologies of cleaned surfaces of electrodes, (a) original electrode; (b) after electrosurgical cutting test; (c) after heat-adherence test Figure 8. OM micrographs of electrode surfaces after tensile testing, (a) original electrode as a control; (b) electrode from heat-adherence test; (c) electrode from electrosurgical cutting test. Figure 9. Histological examples of porcine liver tissue sample after electrosurgical cutting test Figure 10. SEM micrograph and EDX spectrum of the electrode surface after smoke collection, (a) SEM micrograph; EDX spectrum Figure 11. Schematic diagrams of porcine liver tissue, electrosurgery procedure and formation process of sticking tissue upon electrode, (a) porcine liver tissue; (b) electrosurgery procedure; (c) formation process of sticking tissue upon electrode;Tensile properties of sticking tissue-electrode interface after electrosurgical cutting test and heat-adherence test