Venn diagram of mutations shared between the evolved strains with and without NTG.

Surface areas are not proportional to members contained in each set. Light blue and purple circle represents the mutations found in total number of strains evolved with and without NTG, respectively. The single nucleotide differences between the evolved strains with NTG and the parental WT E. coli reference strain are described in Table S1. Whole-genome sequencing of ALE endpoint strains evolved on glycerol, l-lactate, and l-1,2-PDO without NTG has been previously reported [4], [6], [8]. The ylbE1 gene of l-1,2-PDO-evolved E. coli without NTG had two mutations [8].