Responses of mouse macrophages and human monocytes to LPS, MPL, and dLOS.

(A) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured with LPS, MPL, or dLOS for 24 h. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 levels released into culture media were determined by sandwich ELISA. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of triplicate cultures and represent two independent experiments with similar results. ^*, P<0.05; ^**, P<0.01; ^***, P<0.001 as compared with MPL-treated cells. (B) Human PBMCs and monocytes were cultured with LPS, MPL, or dLOS. Culture supernatant was harvested at 12 h or 24 h and assayed for TNF or IL-12 production, respectively. Data represent three independent experiments with similar results.