Experimental Results.

(a) Summary of experimental groups showing representative images (4–16-cell/morula group shows only an 8-cell embryo), average number of hours post-fertilization (p.f.) each group was assayed at and cohort sizes (N). Note that the OET speed data for the late blastocyst group was not included in the following data analysis as many of the blastocysts were attached to the OET substrate making consistent speed measurements difficult. Scale bar 50 µm. (b) Table summarizing the mean and standard deviation of embryo velocities in both medias (all units are µm/s) as well as the p-Value between the two distributions. (c) Box plot showing maximum induced velocity in the OET device as a function of embryonic morphology (1-cell, 2-cell, 4-to-16-cell/morula, early blastocyst) and growth medium (KSOM+AA, M16). Black dotted line indicates mean. Note the transition from pDEP to nDEP as the embryos progress from the 1-cell stage to early blastocysts. Additionally, at all stages, except the 4-to-16-cell/morula stage, KSOM embryos exhibit a significantly less positive speed.