Different Models of the Interactions between Neanderthals and Modern Humans

(A) Model of instantaneous mixing of unsubdivided Neanderthal and modern human populations.

(B) Same as (A), but with an exponential growth of the modern human population having started before the admixture with Neanderthals.

(C) Model of a progressive range expansion of modern humans into Europe. This model is spatially explicit, and the modern human population occupies a different range than the Neanderthal population before the admixture. Under this model, admixture is progressive and occurs because modern humans move into the territory of Neanderthals, a territory that shrinks with the advance of modern humans.