Votes for Erdoğan as a function of voter turnout for 2018 and 2023.

For a given turnout level, the cumulative vote share of ballot boxes with this or lower turnout is shown. In 2018, a majority of more than 50% is achieved by including boxes with a turnout of more than 90% (blue). In the first round in 2023 (red line) we observe similar characteristics with higher turnout and lower vote shares (below 50%), whereas in the second round (yellow) Erdoğan reached a majority of votes.