The conceptual diagram of climate-avifauna-forest model integration.

A) Spatially explicit forest landscape models with dynamic ecosystem processes that modulate processes via dynamic climate integration like LANDIS-II; B) Avifauna-Forest models that integrate with Climate-Forest models and are not constrained by transferability to novel regions; C) the integration of two different model types to produce emergent results that accounts for climate, vegetation, and avifauna responses. Figure adapted from [15].