The alternation of cLD under multiple conditions.

a) Recombination and interaction. Using simulations, we demonstrate the temporal decay of cLD. The pace of cLD decay with respect to recombination rate is illustrated. Notably, the rate of cLD decay is decelerated in the presence of genetic interactions. b) Switching error in phasing. Comparison of cLD in the presence of switching error to true cLD across multiple gene pairs are illustrated. We computed the average cLD value under various switching error rate settings (0.01, 0.02, …, 0.1). For each switching error rate, we used the proportion of cLD change to quantify its deviation from true cLD. As illustrated in the figure, in the presence of switching error, cLD remains remarkably close to true cLD, even as the switching error rate increases. This highlights the robustness of cLD against switching errors.