Schematic overview of the experimental setup.

Animals were divided into six groups: CTRL_{(n = 6)}, AE_{(n = 6)}, AE-ABZ_{(n = 6)}, ABZ_{(n = 6)}, AE-αPD-L1_{(n = 6)} and αPD-L1_{(n = 6)}. CTRL, ABZ and αPD-L1 mice received an intraperitoneal administration of 100 μL PBS. AE, AE-ABZ and AE-αPD-L1 mice were infected intraperitoneally with E. multilocularis metacestode suspension containing approximately 100 vesicular cysts resuspended in 100 μL PBS. Treatment started 6 weeks after infection. CTRL and AE mice received 100 μL corn oil orally 5 times per week and 100 μL PBS intraperitoneally twice per week for another 8 weeks. AE-ABZ and ABZ mice received ABZ (200 mg/kg body weight) in 100 μL corn oil orally 5 times per week and 100 μL PBS intraperitoneally twice per week for 8 weeks. AE-αPD-L1 and αPD-L1 mice received αPD-L1 antibody in 100 μL PBS intraperitoneally twice per week (200 μg/injection) and 100 μL corn oil orally 5 times per week. All animals were sacrificed at the end of treatment. Smart Servier Medical Art, smart.servier.com, was used to draw the figure.

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