Live IAV specifically targets TLR2 pathway in human monocytes.

Levels of (A) IL-23, TGF-β, (B) IL-10, (C) IL-6, IL-1β, IL-27, and (D) IL-12p70 secreted by CD14⁺ cells following 24 h treatment with a TLR2 mono-agonist (LTA-SA), live H1N1 or H3N2 alone or in combination with LTA-SA (or untreated as a control) were determined by ELISA. Each column represents normalised mean cytokine levels + SEM of 3 technical repeats of each treatment in every donor. Each ELISA represents normalised results from multiple donors (n): (A) IL-23 (n = 9), TGF-β (n = 9), (B) IL-10 (n = 9), (C) IL-6 (n = 9), IL-1β (n = 9), IL-27 (n = 9), and IL-12p70 (n = 5). Statistical analyses were performed to compare cytokine levels in cells treated with LTA-SA versus cells exposed to live H1N1 or H3N2 in combination with LTA-SA by fitting a One-Way ANOVA to the data and using a Sidak test to adjust for multiple testing (*p<0.05).