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In the bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study design, dashed arrows represent the assumption that genetic variants are neither associated with confounders nor directly influencing the outcome, and such paths should ideally be absent in an MR analysis.

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posted on 2024-01-25, 18:27 authored by Jue-xin Shen, Yi Lu, Wei Meng, Lei Yu, Jun-kai Wang

The blue and red paths illustrate the bidirectional nature of two-sample MR. SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; BMD: bone mineral density; FN: femoral neck; LS: lumbar spine; FA: forearm; e: heel.

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    significance threshold setreach statistical significanceestablished analytical methodsconducted using wellbone mineral density>&# 946 ;lumbar spine bmdlow bmd mayincluding heel bmdstudy provides supportreverse mendelian randomizationgenetically predicted ebidirectional causal relationshipmendelian randomizationcausal effectbidirectional correlationxlink ">wm ),still lacksextensive documentationexploring causalityeuropean ancestryconfidence intervalconclusive understandingbonferroni correction735 ),4 ).

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