Identification of potential anthelmintic targets that act in various aspects of RQ-dependent metabolism.

a) Evolutionary tree of the species whose sequences are used in this paper. Species are grouped according to the phylum: chordates (the mammalian hosts, cyan), platyhelminthes (chartreuse), molluscs (blue), annelids (orange) and nematodes (magenta). Helminths are further identified by their clade. The tree was generated with {rotl} [36]. b) Genes involved in regulating four main areas of RQ-dependent metabolism are candidate genes for helminth-specific inhibitors. (1) Genes that act to sense and regulate the switch from UQ to RQ-dependent metabolism as STHs migrate to anaerobic environments in the hosts are potential anthelmintic targets (‘sensors’) (2) Genes involved in RQ synthesis (3) The Quinone-dependent Dehydrogenases (QDHs) that interact with RQ (4) Other metabolic enzymes downstream of QDHs that are important for the rewiring of metabolic pathways in anerobic environments are also potential targets.