Comparison of effect size estimates of independent associations with RINT 25OHD in skin-colour-agnostic and skin-colour-stratified GWAS.

Dots and bars represent the effect size estimates, and respective standard errors, in the skin-colour-agnostic (SCA) GWAS[14] (y axis) and in the skin-colour-stratified (SCS) meta-analysis (x axis) for 139 loci that independently (as assessed by conditional and joint analysis implemented in GCTA-COJO [32]) associated with 25OHD in the stratified analysis. Grey dots (N = 110) represent associations that were genome-wide significant (GWS) in both analyses. Green (N = 17) and pink (N = 12) dots represent associations that were, or were not, GWS in the SCS meta-analysis, respectively. rb is the correlation between effect size estimated adjusted for sampling error in both analyses and se is its standard error (see Methods).