Blocking ROS production shifts from a Th2-type response towards a Th1-type response in S. japonicum-infected mice.

S. japonicum-infected mice were untreated (-) or treated with saline or Apo orally. Normal, uninfected mice left untreated. (A and B) FCM gating strategies show total lymphocytes (R1) and CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells (R2). Representative FCM dot plots show IFN-γ-(Th1), IL-4-(Th2), and IL-17-(Th17) producing CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells from the livers of mice of each group (A). The bar graphs show the average percentages for Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells (B). (C and D) Representative FCM dot plots show CD3⁺CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺ Tfh cells from livers of mice of each group (C). The bar graphs show the average percentages for Tfh cells (D). Data are expressed as the means ± SD of four mice per group and representative of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. NS indicating not significant.