Total ecosystem carbon in four different model scenarios at simulation year 100.

Scenarios 1–3 use baseline (current) climate, while the fourth uses the A2 (high emissions) scenario. ‘w/GM’ implies inclusion of gypsy moth outbreaks in the scenario. Confidence intervals represent standard errors based on 5 model replicates. Total carbon, was lowest when all three disturbances were operating on the landscape. Simulated wildfire had little impact on total C.