TSF inhibits renal inflammation in DN rats.

(A) Infiltration of monocytes/macrophages. ED-1-positive cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and calculated per high-power field (400 ×). (B) Immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative analysis for MCP-1, TNFα, and IL-1β. (C) Real-time PCR for IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNFα. Original magnification, × 200. TSF-treated rats exhibit a significant inhibition of renal inflammation including ED-1, MCP-1, IL-1β, and TNFα. Data are expressed as means ± SE for each group of 9 rats. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 TSF-treated group vs. DN group; ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01, ^###P<0.001 DN group vs. normal group.