Power of the methods for scenarios with one of three traits associated with the QTL (A), two of three traits associated with the QTL (B) and with all three traits associated with the QTL (C).

The explained variance of the QTL was fixed at 0.1%. For clarity reasons, we have not provided errors bars. Confidence ranges for the power estimates are all between 1 and 5%; exact values are provided in Tables S3–S5. MAF, minor allele frequency; MV, multivariate; PCHAT, Principal Component of Heritability Association Test; QTL, quantitative trait locus; rE, residual correlation; rG, genetic correlation induced by the QTL; TATES, Trait-based Association Test that uses Extended Simes procedure; UV-MA, meta-analysis of univariate results; UV-PCA, univariate analysis of first principal component; UV T1, univariate analysis of trait 1; UV T2, univariate analysis of trait 2; UV T3, univariate analysis of trait 3.