Glis2 is SUMOylated by PIAS4/SUMO-3.
(A) HEK 293T cells were transfected with the plasmids as indicated. After 36 hours of transfection, whole cell lysates were prepared under denaturing conditions, and resolved on SDS-PAGE. Following Western blotting, Glis2 was detected using an anti-V5 antibody, YFP.PIAS4 using an anti-GFP antibody, and SUMO-3 using an anti-SUMO-3 antibody. SUMOylated Glis2 species are marked as SUMO-Glis2. (B) In vivo SUMOylation assay was performed to compare the SUMOylation of Glis2 and NPHP5 in the presence of SUMO-3 and PIAS4. Only SUMOylated Glis2 species, but no SUMOylated NPHP5 was detectable. (C) Co-transfection of FLAG-tagged PIAS4 (F.PIAS4) but not F.PIAS1 promoted the SUMOylation of Glis2 in the presence of SUMO-3. (D) V5.Glis2 was co-transfected with F.PIAS4 wild type (F.PIAS4.WT) and PIAS4, lacking E3 SUMO ligase activity (F.PIAS4.LD) together with His.SUMO-3. SUMOylated Glis2 was detected only with the wild type but not with the E3 ligase-deficient mutant of PIAS4.