Chlorogenic acid (CGA) stimulates NBD-cholesterol efflux to HDL (A) and ApoA1 (B) in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Cells were equilibrated with NBD-cholesterol for 12 h then incubated in serum-free DMEM medium containing HDL or ApoA1 and indicated concentration of CGA for 6 h. Cholesterol efflux was expressed as a percentage of fluorescence in the medium relative to the total amounts of fluorescence detected in cells and the medium. Rosiglitazone (5 µM) was used as positive control while PPARγ inhibitor GW-9662 (20 µM) was used to test the role of PPARγ in CGA-elicited cholesterol efflux. Values are means ± SEM of at least three experiments. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. control. Rosigli  =  rosiglitazone, CGA  =  Chlorogenic acid, GW  =  GW-9662.