Assembly formation and complementary rate/phase code.

(A) The overall network ring structure of the PING model with nearest-neighbor connections (B) Example of a simulation population spike raster output (top I-cells, bottom E-cells), variation in E-cell excitatory drive is indicated to the right.(C to E) Detailed results for three example E-cells a, b and c. (C) Location of each example E-cell along the ring structure is indicated by the level of input-drive (black) as well as the squared derivative of input (red). (D) Phase-locking values between each example E-cell and all other E-cells (estimated by cross-correlation peak). (E) Phase difference between example E-cell and all other E-cells with phase-locking threshold >0.25 (for illustration, see Methods). (F) Matrix showing phase-locking between all possible pairs of E-cell pairs, location in the ring is indicated by the level of input-drive, as in C. (G) Phase difference between all possible E-cell pairs with same phase-locking threshold as above. Blue indicates that the X-axis neuron leads the Y-axis neuron, red indicates the reverse.