Antiviral effects of the combination of different treatments on influenza replication.

MDCK cells were treated as described in Figure 1. The combinations of calcium modulators with lysosomotropic alkalinizing agents was tested against the PR8 virus. Combination of a calcium modulator with a lysosomotropic alkalinizing agents (A, B, C, D), combination of two lysosomotropic alkalinizing agents (E), and combination of amodiaquine and oseltamivir carboxylate (F). Viral plaques were counted and results are expressed as a percentage of plaque formation compared to untreated cells (Plaque formation (%)). Statistical significance: p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Results of three to six independent experiments, performed in triplicate are shown. Abbreviations used: Amodiaquine (Amo); 5-(N,N-Dimethyl)amiloride hydrochloride (5-N,N); Oseltamivir (Oselt); Primaquine (Prima); TMB-8 hydrochloride (TMB-8); Verapamil (Vera).