Thiocyanation of closo-Dodecaborate B₁₂H₁₂²⁻. A Novel Synthetic Route and Theoretical Elucidation of the Reaction Mechanism

Although vast experimental experience has been accumulated about the reactions of icosahedral B₁₂H₁₂²⁻ borane cages, little is known about the mechanisms by which these reactions proceed. To address this issue, we have chosen the thiocyanation of B₁₂H₁₂²⁻ and have studied this reaction using both experimental and theoretical methods. First, we present a novel and more convenient synthetic route using in situ generated thiocyanogen, (SCN)₂. The synthesized disubstituted product B₁₂H₁₀(SCN)₂²⁻ is exclusively the meta positional isomer, as confirmed by the X-ray crystallographic analysis. The quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/def2-TZVP//RI-PBE/def2-SVP level show that the free energy differences between the ortho, meta, and para disubstituted species are very small and as such cannot explain the observed positional preferences. The calculations of the kinetic aspects reveal that the reaction is best described as an electrophilic substitution. The calculated isomer preferences for the second SCN substituent are meta > para > ortho. The major outcome of this work is a clear and consistent picture of the electrophilic substitution reaction mechanism of the thiocyanation of B₁₂H₁₂²⁻, thus contributing to our understanding of the general features of boron hydride reactivity.