Schematic diagram of lignification and the expression pattern of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in wild-type Col-0 and D35S::BnLATE transgenic Arabidopsis lines.

(A) Validation by real-time PCR of representative DEGs that are down-regulated in the siliques of D35S::BnLATE transgenic Arabidopsis lines (L21 and L8) and Col-0. Results represent the mean ± S.D from three replicates. (B) Validation by real-time PCR of representative DEGs that are up-regulated in the siliques of D35S::BnLATE transgenic Arabidopsis lines (L8 shown) and Col-0. The expression level was determined relative to that of the internal control, β-AtACTIN2 (AT3g18780). The experiment was performed in triplicate, and results represent the mean ± S.D. Significance was determined using Student’s t-test. Asterisks indicate significant differences between Col-0 and EV. * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01. (C) A schematic model of lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.