Reef habitat differs immediately inside vs. outside MPAs.

Comparisons of benthic cover (mean % ± SE) 20 m inside (black) and 20 m outside (gray) of MPA borders perpendicular to the coastline at Namada, Vatu-o-lalai, and Votua villages (n = 20 transects border^-1 location^-1). The category “Other” includes dead coral, rock, rubble/sand, and uncommon benthic organisms (e.g., zooanthids, soft coral). Asterisks after p-values indicate comparisons analyzed with quasi-GLM models.